pleurosternals are on the ventral surface of the thorax (kind of like where ribs would be). PS1 and PS2 in the fig below.
the pleurosternal muscle tensions the thorax
the firing rate of these muscles are correlated with wing beat frequency
references
- Lesser.etal2024
- Dickinson, M. H., & Tu, M. S. (1997). The Function of Dipteran Flight Muscle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 116(3), 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00162-4